Images of Italy in early sixteenth-century French texts - Nicole Hochner - p239 Cardinals and courtesans: secular music in Rome 1500-1520 - William F Prizer - p253 Musical crisis in Florence and Rome 1527-30 - Iain Fenlon - p279 Italian universities and the Wars of Italy - Jonathan Davies - p299 Much of the fighting during the Italian Wars took place during sieges. Italians Convert Ram 1500 Into 710-HP Luxury Sedan, and It Looks as Bad as You'd Expect When I dream of being chauffeured around in a coachbuilt Italian luxury car, I … After establishing a pro-French government in Naples, Charles started to march north on his return to France. Download this stock image: Mars, Venus, Cupid and Vulcan c. 1480-1500. The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars or the Renaissance Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the … In 1526, Pope Clement VII, alarmed at the growing power of the Empire, formed the League of Cognac against Charles V on May 22, 1526. [22] Once the French artillery batteries were in place, it took only five hours to open a breach in the walls of the town. The Italian Wars represented a revolution in military technology and tactics—some historians consider these wars the dividing point between modern and medieval times. However, in the small town of Fornovo he met the League army. [48] In 1551, Henry declared war against Charles with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. Louis XII placed Gian Giacomo Trivulzio in command of his army. Mars, god of war, sits with his trophies around gazing at his lover Venus, while her cuckolded husband Vulcan fashions a helmet. Francesco Guicciardini, The History of Florence, trans. The European balance of power changed significantly during the Italian Wars. By the end of 1536, an Ottoman fleet was poised off the coast of Genoa ready to strike in coordination with the land forces marching toward Genoa. The conflict arose from animosity over the election of Charles as Emperor in 1519-20 and from Pope Leo X's need to ally with Charles against Martin Luther. Modern historians also criticize the Treaty of Grenada by calling it "foolish" on Louis XII's part. War reflected the … The war was started by King Louis, who sought to press his claims to the thrones of Milan and Naples, but the result of the war was the Spanish conquest of the Kingdom of Naples from France . The Truce of Nice, signed on June 18, 1538, ended the war, leaving Turin in French hands but effecting no significant changes to the map of Italy. [10] Francesco Guicciardini wrote that both parties strove to present themselves as the victors in that battle, but the eventual consensus was for a French victory, because the French repelled their enemies across the river and succeeded in moving forward, which was their reason for fighting in the first place. [18] However, Louis was mindful that if he were to conquer Naples, he must cross Florentine territory on the road to Naples. [82], Various Spanish and Italian soldiers who participated in the Italian Wars emigrated to the Americas and turned into conquistadors there. Along the way, they discovered that a revolt had occurred in Lodi, a town under the rule of the Visconti family. On January 6, 1537, Alessandro de Medici, the duke of Florence, was assassinated by his distant cousin Lorenzino de' Medici. Much of northern Italy was suspicious of the rising power of Florence. At the beginning of the 16th century Europe was in a period of relative stability. A disaffected Italian infantry captain from Lodi was willing to open the gates of the town to the Venetian Army. With Milan in Imperial hands, Francis personally led a French army into Lombardy in 1525, only to be utterly defeated and captured at the Battle of Pavia on February 24, 1525. Fought largely by France and Spain but involving much of Europe, they resulted in the Spanish Habsburgs dominating Italy and shifted power from Italy to northwestern Europe. He died on April 7, 1498, and was succeeded by his cousin, Louis XII. Following the European wars of succession, the Habsburg-Lorraine of Austria gained direct or indirect control of the fiefs of Imperial Italy, whereas the south passed to a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons. War resumed in 1521 as Pope Leo X and Emperor Charles V (simultaneously ruler of Austria, the Spanish kingdoms, and the Low Countries) expelled French forces from Milan. After conquering the town, Louis ordered that the garrison and part of the civil population be executed in an attempt to instill fear in his enemies, crush their morale and encourage the quick surrender of the other strongholds in western Milan. The Medici, ousted during the war, was restored as the dynastic family of Florence.[54]. First Italian War. In fact, in order to achieve this defensive objective, France was forced to end opposition to Habsburg power and abandon its claims in Italy. Radical Italian nationalists, Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini, are backed by conservative monarchists, Count Camile Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II, to establish a united Italian state. In 1499 Louis XII invaded Italy and took Milan, Genoa, and Naples, but he was driven out of Naples in 1503 by Spain under Ferdinand V. Pope Julius II organized the League of Cambrai (1508) to attack Venice, then organized the Holy League (1511) to drive Louis out of Milan. With the duke removed, some citizens of Florence attempted to establish a republic in the city, while other pro-Medici citizens sought to install the seventeen-year-old Cosimo de' Medici as the new duke. On January 1, 1515, Louis XII also died[40] and was succeeded to the throne of France by his son-in-law, Francis I. Francis I continued Louis XII's war against the League of Cambrai in Italy by leading a French and Venetian Army against the Swiss and routing them at Marignano on September 13–14, 1515. The circumstances were set for Pope Julius to form the League of Cambrai on December 10, 1508, in which France,[30] the Papacy, Spain, the Duchy of Ferrara and the Holy Roman Empire agreed to restrain the Venetians. [24] The Treaty of Grenada memorialized Louis's agreement with Ferdinand to divide the Kingdom of Naples between themselves. Louis was also entertaining an ambition to stake a claim to the Kingdom of Naples. In addition, France captured the Three Bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire with the support of Lutherans and formed an alliance with the Ottoman Empire (who had defeated Charles V in Algiers and Budapest in the 1540s) in order to invade Corsica. [17] Pisa had been at war almost continually since the early 14th century. These wars were not especially successful for the French, but they corresponded to the contemporary view of the obligations of kingship. [79] Contemporaneous historian Francesco Guicciardini wrote of the initial 1494 French invasion: Now owing to this invasion of the French everything was turned upside down in a sudden storm…sudden and violent wars broke out, ending with the conquest of a state in less time than it used to take to occupy a villa. The Italian Wars (1494-1559) saw a prolonged period of struggle between the major European powers for control of Italy. 1500: The siege of Kasan, (late 1499 or early 1500) saw Sultan Mahmud Khan of Tashkent intervene in the civil war between Babur and his brother's supporter Sultan Ahmad Tambal. Valentina Visconti was the heir to the Duchy of Milan in the Visconti dynasty. As a result of Charles VIII's expedition, the regional states of Italy were shown once and for all to be both rich and comparatively weak, which sowed the seeds of the wars to come. Trecento: “300s” in Italian, referring to the 1300s. Florence chose to take their chances with the French rather than the Holy Roman Empire. [55] Upon his death, Francesco Sforza left no heirs. SPEDIZIONE GRATUITA su ordini idonei [86] Additionally, French cannons, made using methods used to cast bronze church bells, achieved a lightness and mobility previously unheard of. Led by Michelangelo , artists caught in the maelstrom of war now captured violence, drama and tragedy. Mercenaries were a common feature throughout most of Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, and had been known far earlier. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006. xxx + 318 pp. A major contemporary account for the early portion of the Italian Wars is Francesco Guicciardini's Storia d'Italia (History of Italy), written during the conflict and advantaged by the access that Guicciardini had to papal affairs. Things turned around easily in Renaissance Europe. This enraged the French army so that they reduced the castle in the town with blistering artillery fire on February 9, 1495 and stormed the fort, killing everyone inside. Following the Wars in Lombardy between Venice and Milan, which ended in 1454, Northern Italy had been largely at peace during the reigns of Cosimo de' Medici and Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence, with the notable exception of the crisis of 1479-1481 (solved by Lorenzo and followed by the recapture of Otranto from the Ottomans) and the War of Ferrara in 1482–1484. They felt that France might help them re-conquer Pisa. Charles had already inherited the Low Countries from his father, Philip, and the Spanish kingdoms of his maternal grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella. Thus, the abdication of Charles V split the Habsburg empire that had surrounded France. Rather, they were a further elaboration and intensification of a violent age whose self-definition was transition. All the territories surrounding France were now under the rule of Charles V, forming the so-called Habsburg ring. Following the Battle of Marignano, the League of Cambrai or Holy League collapsed as both Spain and the new pope, Leo X, gave up on the notion of placing Massiliano Sforza on the ducal throne of Milan. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [48] The French army commanded by François de Bourbon, Count d'Enghien defeated an Imperial army at the Battle of Ceresole on April 14, 1544. Ferdinand I was the successor of Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire extending from Germany to northern Italy and became suo jure king of the Habsburg Monarchy. [14], Ludovico Sforza retained his throne in Milan until 1499, when the new king of France, Louis XII, invaded Lombardy[3] and seized Milan on September 17, 1499. This decision was heavily criticized by influential figures such as Niccolo Machiavelli , whose opinion was embraced by many of Italy's citizens as well. Charles V's fruitless expedition to Provence distracted his attention from events in Italy. Francis I, king of France, firmly believed that Asti, Genoa and the Duchy of Milan were all rightfully his. Overshadowing all, however, was the death of Pope Julius II on February 20, 1513,[38] which left the League without effective leadership. Italian Wars, (1494–1559) series of violent wars for control of Italy. Italy and the European Powers: The Impact of War, 1500-1530. While the French army escaped, the Spanish inflicted severe casualties. Its subject lands—the "Terraferma"—had been ravaged from 1509 to 1516. By 1500 Venice controlled a vast area in northern Italy, and many important cities, formerly independent, were under her rule, including Padua, Verona, and numerous others. Accordingly, the Pope changed sides in the war and allied itself with Venice, which was now less of a threat to the pope due to previous Venetian defeats. [70] In terms of territorial changes, the general clause of the Peace restored the status quo ante bellum, although France retained Calais and the Three Bishoprics. Ciascuna delle principali monarchie europee esprime un proprio percorso di riunificazione. This did much to aggravate relations between France and Spain. But nowhere did such a sophisticated system of hiring, payment and organisation of mercenaries develop as it did in Italy. Infantry underwent profound developments during the Italian Wars, evolving from a primary pike- and halberd-wielding force to a more flexible arrangement of arquebusiers, pikemen, and other troops. By 1500 the population in most areas of Europe was increasing after two centuries of decline or stagnation. Visions of war in the 'terrestrial paradise'. Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar also had a stint in the Italian Wars before conquering Cuba. [50] Realizing that their goal of reconquering Milan was no longer on the table, the French army left Lombardy and headed back to France. [41] This victory decisively broke the string of victories that the Swiss had enjoyed against the Venetians and the French. By 1503 Louis, having been defeated at the Battle of Cerignola on April 28, 1503,[27] and Battle of Garigliano on December 29, 1503,[28] was forced to withdraw from Naples, which was left under the control of a Spanish viceroy, General Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba. The Italian War of 1521, sometimes known as the Four Years' War, was a part of the Italian Wars. According to their view, the position of the Papacy was strengthened by the conclusion of the council of Trent and the beginning of the counter-reformation. There were, however, objections from France. [60] Furthermore, an expected uprising among Fregoso partisans in Genoa did not materialize. 1400 AD Kingdom of Maracca was Founded-The Kingdom of Malacca was founded on the Malay peninsular in the current day Indonesia.Malacca, which was founded by Paramesvara, soon became the leading maritime power in South East Asia. The conquest of Milan was only the first part of Louis's plans for Italy. [60] These Italian troops had been raised by Guido Rangoni, Galeotto Pico Della Mirandola and other members of the military nobility of southern Lombardy. This war was extremely popular in Italy, but it pointed out the weakness of the League of Nations, whose economic sanctions only irritated the Italians. With France taking over almost all of Northern Italy after defeating Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, and Ferdinand of Aragon emerging as ruler of the whole south, Julius II planned to “free Italy from the barbarians” and orchestrated the recapture of the peninsula. ANNO: 1100 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900. On November 11, 1500, Louis signed the Treaty of Grenada. The Italian peninsula, economically advanced but politically divided among several states, became the main battleground for European supremacy. tbls. Furthermore, Francis I himself had been a candidate for the imperial throne before Charles V was chosen. Milan had been bouncing back and forth between control by the Sforza family and control by the Kingdom of France since 1499, when Ludovico Sforza was driven out of Milan by Louis XII. The last few generations of Italians are blissfully ignorant about Fascism and World War II because the Italian schools teach very little about these unpleasant topics in order to avoid "controversy" at home, ... and tracing a line to circa 1500 is not at all unusual. In the U.S., war with Britain declared over freedom of the seas for U.S. vessels (War of 1812). In response to the capture of Turin by the French, Charles V invaded Provence, advancing to Aix-en-Provence. The siege and taking of a city became extremely rapid and achieved not in month but in days and hours.[80]. As the French army stepped between the marksmen, volleys of bullets battered them on both flanks. [83], Francisco de Carvajal and Pedro de Valdivia fought in the Battle of Pavia and were present at the Sack of Rome. He had planned a large horse statue, "Gran Cavallo", in 1495, but the seventy tons of bronze intended for the statue was instead cast into weapons to save Milan. Once involved in Italian affairs, Spain would work to the detriment of France in Italy. Besides ending the war, Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain agreed in the treaty to ask the Pope to recognize Ferdinand as emperor and to reconvene the Council of Trent.[71][72]. It all began with Cosimo the First in the Medici family. The active participation of the Ottomans in the war was not significant, but their very entry into the war had a curbing effect on the actions of Charles V. Fighting a two-front war, against the Ottomans in the east and the French in the west did not appeal to Charles V. Consequently, by 1538, Charles was ready for peace. Italian Unification. Quattrocento: “400s” in Italian, referring to the 1400s. In some places in Italy, the Imperial troops were even refusing to take the field of battle until they were paid. The collapse of the alliance in the 1490s left Italy open to the ambitions of Charles VIII of France, who invaded the Kingdom of Naples in 1494 on the ground of a dynastic claim. Some wars may be split or combined differently, causing ordinal numbering systems to be inconsistent among different sources. Charles VIII of France improved relations with other European rulers in the run-up to the First Italian War by negotiating a series of treaties: in 1493, France negotiated the Treaty of Senlis with the Holy Roman Empire; on 19 January 1493, it signed the Treaty of Barcelona with the Crown of Aragon and, later in 1493, the Treaty of Étaples with England.[1][2]. [64] On June 4, 1544, the army of republican exiles from Florence under the command of Piero Strozzi was defeated by an Imperial army under the command of Philippe de Lannoy and Ferrante da Sanseverino, Principe di Salerno. Artillery, particularly field artillery, became an indispensable part of any first-rate army during the Italian Wars. News of the French Army's sack of Naples provoked a reaction among the city-states of Northern Italy and the League of Venice was formed on March 31, 1495. In the eyes of Maximilian I and the Holy Roman Empire, the Pisan War was causing distractions and divisions within the members of the League of Venice. In August 1498, Louis XII signed a treaty with Philip the Handsome, son of Emperor Maximilian I, which secured the borders between the Holy Roman Empire and France. When Ferdinand I of Naples died in 1494, Charles VIII invaded the peninsula with a French Army[3] of twenty-five thousand men (including 8,000 Swiss mercenaries), possibly hoping to use Naples as a base for a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. The League was established on 31 March after negotiations by Venice, Milan, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Italien war 2008 nach Deutschland und Frankreich der drittgrößte Beitragszahler der Europäischen Union, mit über 15 Milliarden Euro, was einen Anteil am Gesamtbudget der EU von 13,6 Prozent ausmachte. The armies of the Italian Wars were commanded by a wide variety of leaders, from mercenaries and condottieri to nobles and kings. The papal-imperial army led by Prospero Colonna and the Marquis of Pescara took Milan from the French in 1521 and returned it to Francesco II Sforza in 1522. [18] When King Charles VIII withdrew from Italy in 1495, the Pisans were not left to fight the Florentines alone. Later, following a chance encounter with Francis I after the Battle of Marignano, Leonardo agreed to move to France and bring along his masterpiece Mona Lisa, which has remained in France to this day. [88] With this technology, Charles’ army could level, in a matter of hours, castles that had formerly resisted sieges for months and years.[79]. [83][84][85] Experience in the Italian Wars was a decisive factor when organizing squadrons of conquistadors in the Americas. An early French offensive against Lorraine was successful, but the attempted French invasion of Tuscany was stopped in 1553. Terms such as "refeudalization" (rifeudalizzazione) have also been used by Italian authors to describe the political and socio-economic situation of Italy after 1559.[76][77][78]. 1500 negli altri calendari Calendario gregoriano: 1500 Ab Urbe condita: 2253 (MMCCLIII) Calendario armeno: 948 — 949 Calendario bengalese: 906 — 907 Italian troops captured the Ethiopian capital of Addis Abeba in the spring of 1936, and, on May 9, 1936, Victor Emmanuel III was proclaimed Emperor of Ethiopia. Just as Ludovico Sforza had invited Charles VIII into Italy in 1494, now in 1496, he invited Maximilian I into Italy to resolve the conflict between Pisa and Florence. The deterioration of relations between the Habsburgs and Francis I provided Francis I with a pretext for war with Charles. ISBN: 90-04-15163-X. 1400, 1500 - Situazione italiana Appunto di storia per le scuole medie che, in maniera breve e schematica, descrive la situazione di lotte e guerre italiana. [34] This league rapidly grew to include England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. In 1556, during the course of the war, Charles V abdicated the Imperial throne as well as the throne of Spain. Francis I returned to Milan and restored French control in the city in October 1524 only to lose it again in February 1525 in the Treaty of Madrid, which had been forced on him by Emperor Charles V. One of Francis's first goals in joining the League of Cognac was to repudiate the Treaty of Madrid and regain control over Milan. index. On March 31, 1547, Francis I died and was succeeded by his son, Henry II. Charles sacked Rome in 1527 and forced the pope to come to terms, and Francis gave up all claims to Italy in the Treaty of Cambrai (1529). Charles V responded by forming an alliance with the Kingdom of England and by suspending the reconciliation with the German Lutherans. USS Constitution (For detailed chronology, see War of 1812.) [8] This event was then called the sack of Naples. Mercenaries were a common feature throughout most of Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, and had been known far earlier. The condottiere - whose name came from the condotta or contract between himself and his employer - was the result. [35] Foix was killed and the French were forced to withdraw from Italy when the Swiss invaded and conquered Milan. Francisco de Carvajal stayed in Peru going further to aid the Pizarro brothers in their wars against rival Spanish factions,[83] Valdivia instead marched south starting the conquest of Chile and ignited the Arauco War against native Mapuche. Italia - La situazione nel 1500 Appunto sulla situazione d'Italia nel 1500 che parla della Francia e della Spagna alla conquista dell’Italia, dell'ascesa di Carlo V e della pace di Augusta Suddenly the League started to fall apart. However, in 21st-century historiography there is a reconsideration of the topic. In August 1498, the Treaty of Marcoussis was signed between Louis XII and Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. However, bitter factionalism arose under the new republic which set the stage for Francesco Sforza (father of Ludovico Sforza) to seize control of Milan in 1450. Christine Shaw, ed. His death led to the accession of his 15-year-old son Francis II, who in turn died on 5 December 1560. It began with a French attempt to press a claim to the Kingdom of Naples, but soon expanded into a general clash between the houses of Valois and Habsburg, and in particular between Francis I of France and the Emperor Charles V. At about this time, Francis told his council that he had allowed Emperor Charles V to become too strong in Italy. So they delayed the start of the attack until they were joined by the Swiss. Before the French could attack the vulnerable arquebusiers, a Spanish cavalry charge broke the French forces and forced their retreat. 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